2013년 11월 20일 수요일

Philosophy Journal #2/ Thomas More/ An Outsourcing State

An Outsourcing State
I once heard an interesting analogy on the comparison between Communist North Korea and Capitalist America. He would say that North Korea is a Darwinist competition society while America is a socialist one. His rationale was that North Koreans compete to climb mountains for tree barks and grass roots to eat and Americans wait in line for federal-issued free lunch boxes. This half-humorous half-sour joke gives something beyond poking fun at the ideological confusion in two countries; it seems to hint a Hegelian notion that in order for an idea to sustain, it must have its complementing (and at times binary) substance within. This can be signified by the white dot in yin and black dot in yang in the Taoist Taiji symbol.

Reading More’s Utopia gave me a similar impression of the anecdote above. In a place where ‘everyone’ is meant to be happy without any need for private property, people prepare gold to hire mercenaries that would fight for them, and although they think war should be avoided, they engage in it when they have to. In order to maintain a ‘clean’ ‘state,’ the utopia outsources uncleanliness that is essential to the sustenance of the state. Formal-logically speaking, utopia can never be a universal form of society, for it has to have a complementing part of the dystopian society for its sustenance.

And I see a modern-adaptation of this kind of community in one country: America. It is very indicative that More places in Amerigo Vespucci as the founder of such a place. Not to mention the outsourced manufacture of Nike shoes in African sweatshops, Blackwater private military company is a modern version of mercenaries. Completely multi-national and external to any sovereignty, there is practically nothing that could stop this company nominally other than UN Security Council in which its hirer holds the veto power. When Blackwater USA agents massacred a native town, US government was free from its prone criticisms. When more human rights and less collateral damage is expected from the sovereign government, it can simply outsource it. Same goes to tortures; we have an International Herald Tribune op/ed that asks for a stricter human rights measure for US government while demanding more torture for terrorists outside the borders. There has to be filth to keep the cleanliness, so we can just kick it out and leave it to barbaric states who are willing to this for, literally, ‘gold.’

More was somewhat very insightful in how the future would come, but not how it should have come. Outsourcing had surely induced better lives, or has it? Mega-corporations like Samsung outsource high-risk works by setting up a paper company and making manual laborers toil. When human rights issue or industrial accidents should take place, it is something that the employers of the paper company should be responsible of. More’s utopia is menacing because it not only functions as a state but as a corporate, or any group that needs some filth but is unwilling to be responsible for it. Thinkers and social philosophers other than More were busy how to solve the problem; More found a way to sweep it away. As a result, we now have a contradictory state where it discriminates between humans in and humans out of the community, which hardly bear any difference. A reason why EU is building up electric trenches against North African immigrants, and US builds immigrant blockade against Hispanics. But unless this outsourcing and filth-ing the outward societies doesn’t cease, such desperate immigration will not stop. And one day these utopias would have to pay the price for all the dust they swept underneath the carpet.


And here comes a million-dollar question: how could More even think of corrupting foreign political leaders with gold, when he thought it was such a corrupting, evil substance for the utopians to use as building material for toilets and handcuff chains? Or has nationality or race already become a major dividing line between entities of the Homo Sapiens Sapiens species by More’s era?

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