2012년 9월 18일 화요일

American Literature#9/ The Conversion of the Jews/ Only a God can Save Us


Only a God can Save Us
             What is god? Before reflecting on the Sunday school rhetoric, let us explore its significance upon the human world. A being that does neither reside nor influence the Real world is world-less (Weltlosigkeit), therefore meaningless. Even if there is a god, and it influences us, it must be something real, something that resides with us, maybe in the literal sense as well. Heidegger seems to agree to this notion. Heidegger requires the divine being to be an individual being functioning as a catalyst of the community. In short, Heidegger’s god is a previously human, currently god being who summons inevitable change in essence of its world. In this essay, I will link Heidegger’s notion of manly god to the significance that the protagonist of The Conversion of the Jews Ozzie holds.
             Heidegger’s god is not divine from birth. Prior or concurring to the violence that the creator pounds on the common, there must be a self-destruction made by the god. Before or along with the transformation in essence of the community, he who creates must deny himself as a banal human being and accept the newly born self. Such allusion can be easily found in other sources such as the film Fight Club, where the protagonist goes through an-inner fight with himself and then starts to destruct the social structure. In Sophocles’ play, Antigone, Antigone had to kill herself to accentuate Creon’s tyranny and put impact on the polis.
             The same allusion is found in The Conversion of the Jews with a tone-down description. Ozzie deliberately ducks Rabbi Binder’s hand, causing “the palm caught him squarely on the nose.” Then Ozzie cries “You bastard, You bastard” at Rabbi Binder. Three facts are observable from this very short sequence of events. First is that it was actually Ozzie who initiated the bodily harm, the blow on his nose was unnecessary and unintended. Second, there was a significant trace of the bodily harm, which is the blood from the nose. Third is that Ozzie practically denies his former position as a student within the rule and the discourse of the synagogue. He blatantly rejects the authority of teacher, religious leader and adult all at once. This denial is extremely significant, for the very part of the story shows Ozzie having trouble in accepting the new self—whatever it maybe, not a normal student, obedient juvenile—by saying “Can this be me?......Is it me? Is it me Me ME ME ME! It has to be me—but is it?” This is a very typical reaction from a human who is turning from a common to a divine or heroic.
             But even before such rite of passage, Ozzie already shows signs of an outlier. His name bears a special meaning, which has an origin as “divine power.” Not only that, he fits the description of the violent, the divine by Heidegger in Introduction to Metaphysics. In the Introduction of Metaphysics, the violent creator is described as one who shouts out loud in the silenced sphere with creative insight. Ozzie is the one in the story who raises uncomfortable questions and threatens the set authority. His friends indicate him as “a real one” for opening his “mouth in the first place.” Immaculate Conception and status of Christ in Jewish theology are both disturbing topics to discuss, especially when it is from an innocent child. Ozzie is the only one in class who raises such questions and demands for an answer.
             The decisive trait of Ozzie that qualifies him as a divine being of his community is what he does at the end of the short story. According to Contributions to Philosophy, a god is a divine catalyst who initiates a culturally transformational phenomenon and forces others to perceive its divine state. In the very beginning part of the story, A Jewish student identifies the Jewish by stating “They believe in Jesus Christ, that he’s God.” The essence, or the endowed meaning of the Jewish is the trait of not believing in Jesus Christ, and that he was not born by Immaculate Conception. Then at the end of the story, Ozzie forces everyone to admit that God “can make a child without intercourse” and make them say that “they believed in Jesus Christ.” This is clearly destruction in the essence of a community, qualifying Ozzie as a cultural catalyst.
             Not only that, Ozzie shows a significant influence over the action of the mass. Everyone obeys when he commands: “Everybody kneel” This alludes to “My sheep listen to my voice; I know them, and they follow me.” (NIV, John 10:27) Ozzie’s mother call Ozzie “A martyr I have”, for he is no longer student Ozzie, but a representation of a large enough entity of students, who are “his people”. This is shown by Rabbi Binder’s transe-like statement “He’s doing it for them. He won’t listen to me. It’s them.” It is not very ambiguous of what “It” in the statement is signifying; it cannot be the students, and it must be Ozzie. Ozzie is the incarnation of the group, not an individual, when he stood high. Ozzie proves himself as a divine being, and leads his people to approve it. 

2012년 9월 11일 화요일

American Literature#8/ The Lottery/ The Outsider Within


The Outsider Within
        It may seem shocking that there is a great deviation between the companionship towards fellowmen and outsiders. Would it not be difficult for an average, morally-consistent individual to kill a child during his working hours, return home and sing a lullaby to his own child? How absurd is it, UN “peace-keeping” force gun down rogue state soldiers because the soldiers were, uh, rogue. This deviation is more apparent when considering the war crime trials of Nazi officers. The officer’s family and neighbors testified that the officers (after killing hundreds of Jews daily) came back home every night with small toys for their children. How can the sense of compassion and companionship go along with sense of ostracism and hostility?
             Although seemingly ironical, such deviation is what maintains our “civilized, caring” society. A more accurate question would be: How could there be companionship when there is no fear, no outsider and no villain? The concepts of union and companionship within our societies have necessitated the concept of ostracism. Because there cannot be “us” without “them”, we had to imagine and therefore create the presence of the absolute other, the neighbor, the outsider and the stranger. During the Middle age it was the nomads, these days it is the foreigners, immigrants and so called human-rights-violating rogue states.
             It is us who have created our arch-enemies to sustain our companionship and sense of unity. Those villains are not congenitally evil. The power of endowing signification is the listeners’. We endow them the identity of villains, and put ardent efforts to fight against them. This is the point where Jackson’s blazing insight in “The Lottery” comes in. We’re not fighting against a Real-enemy lurking outside the castle walls. Unless there is an entity that threatens us within the walls, in the Real, inside our lives, the enemy is world-less (Weltlosigkeit), and therefore meaningless.
             Then who are we exactly fighting against, and what does Shirley Jackson have to say about it? There is a need for a Lacanian analysis in answering this question. Let’s reflect it on our lives. On the Real, we have our civilized lives: bustling streets full of businessmen, rush-hour traffic, well-being organic yogurt cups—just name anything around you. We don’t have Muslim terrorists raiding our subways, Kim Jong-Il leading a socialist march or illegal immigrants plundering Manhattan apartments.
             On the Symbolic, there are newspapers, broadcast stations (not to mention FOX) that employ stereotypical patriotic rhetoric that keeps citizens in constant fear. Yes, fear is what sustains the violent essence of the “terrorist” existence. Without it, there is no room for the imaginary hostility to exist. In a world-less world with no meaning, no ideology to fight against or fight for, fear is the only motivation that we have to create companionship and feel threat. As Heidegger points out, the languages of patriotism rhetoric are the “house of being” for the existence of rogue states, terrorists and illegal immigrants. The rhetoric creates enemies, the enemy creates fear, and fear makes companionship. Actually, fear is the only motivation we have to move our fat ass out of the couch and care for the community, for there is no ideology to protect these days.
             The observation of the Imaginary answers the question raised: “Who are we actually fighting against?” If we’re fighting against the images created by newspapers and broadcasts, are we fighting nothing? We are fighting the images of our utmost fear; we are fighting against ourselves. Jackson’s human sacrifice in the Lottery sharply picks on this notion that we are fighting the hostile-self, or “the Outsider within.” The villagers stone a woman who was definitely an insider just a few minutes before the ceremony.
             But of course, there is always a room for refutation. There are two points of contention. First is that the time “The Lottery” was published was when Cold War, the war of ideologies, was present. Would not the analysis of the need for fear become unnecessary? Second is that the woman was initially part of the group, and that the group was definitely aware of it.
             The Cold War. I assume that most Americans hated communists during the late 40’s and 50’s. But was there any reason we hated communism in particular. How many veterans knew what communism meant? How many Americans were able to criticize communism based on logical and political analysis? Communism itself is not important; it is just a common us-them boundary that creates fear. How can ideology to fight against exist when there is no sign of a counterpart in daily lives? War and the decadent lives of 50’s were separated from each other. For other wars, the notion on the need for unconditional hostility might not work, but this one does.
             The second point of refutation raises a more intricate question. Surely, the townsmen know that the woman is victimized for no particular reason. They saw the process, yet they still respect the randomness of the ritual. Creation of us-them boundary seems to be challenging in such a situation. But that is exactly what we are doing in the status quo. We already know that Israel is an illegal occupation on Palestinian land. We already know that a vast majority of Israelis are atheists. And we still listen to their claim based on the Holy Bible. We all are very aware of the mysterious absence of bio-chemical weapons in Iraq. Nonetheless we keep on the global warfare. Maybe there are writers who write, criticize and satisfy themselves. We all go on knowingly. We already know that much of these us-them boundaries are mirages, by we go on nonetheless. This is another support for Jackson’s insight in “the Lottery”.

*Many points made during the passage are related to Slavoj Zizek's Violence

Comments
Park Jungmin: I definitely agree with you on the point that we're basically trying to create the absolute villains or enemies to feel security and united. It's like the society in Animal Farm. Even right now, government/ media of the countries around the world are creating rumors, enemies that we must fight against. I actually thought of this phenomenon similar to what happens in "the Lottery". But now I wonder if there is any difference because the enemy for the sake of security and the sacrificed for the sake of pleasure. They seem to be the same thing, but it's still frustrating to find any connections between them. Overall I sincerely agree what you have written here. 
Lee Hyejoon: Don't you think it is queer that we humans have always needed the presence of "them". As far as I know, living things struggle to preserve their own species. Some people say that it is the ultimate reason exist, to extend their lives through their off-springs. Why would people develop a sense of hatred and rivalry within themselves? That doesn't seem to be beneficial for the survival of our species. I also believe that cruelty is human nature but now can the desire for the species' survival and desire for others' pain coexist?
Lee Hyunseok: Great use of language, philosophical analysis with an individual sense and opinion. Maybe difficult to interpret.